中四化学 O 水准模拟考必出题型2024
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中四 O水准考试 是所有中学生要面临的一次重大考试。这考试会直接影响他们未来的学习路程，是否能上高中或是去理工学院,甚至于去工艺教育学院。在这9月份，他们会有一次彩排的机会，那就是中四学校的模拟考试。这也是一场重要的考试。因为这后冠病时代，学生有可能因为冠病不能去考试，而只能用模拟考的成绩来估算出成绩。因此，模拟考变得格外重要。
本人拥有18年的教学经验。以下是我押的重要必出的题型。
Question type tested in Sec 4 Pure Chemistry Prelim Exam20241. 1. Experimental Chemistry · Methods to use for collecting different types ofgases· Uses of different separation techniques fordifferent mixtures· How paper chromatography works· Why the spot on paper chromatography does notmove· How to calculate Rf value on paperchromatography· How does fractional distillation work· Order of fraction getting distilled· Uses of fractionating column and Liebigcondenser· Using melting or boiling point to determinepurity of substance2. 2. Kinetic Particle Theory· Arrangement and movement of particles in solid,liquid and gases· Changes in arrangement and movement duringchange of state· Evidence of Brownian motion· Rate of diffusion of gases based on relative molecularmass 3. 3. Atomic Structure· Calculating number of neutrons, protons andelectrons in atoms, isotopes and ions· Drawing dot cross diagram for atoms, isotopesand ions· Atomic models (Plum-pudding model, Bohr model,Quantum model)· How to determine if atoms are isotopes· Electron orbitals and ionisation energy4. 4. Chemical Bonding· Why do atoms form bonds· Definition of ionic, covalent, metallic bonds· Drawing dot cross diagram for ionic and covalentcompounds· Describe how are ionic and covalent bonds formed· Number of pairs of bonding electrons· Bond length and energy· Coordinate bonds and polar covalent molecules5. 5. Structure and Properties of Materials· Identifying elements, compounds and mixtures· Explaining melting point and boiling point ofsubstances based on structure and bonding· Explaining electrical conductivity of substancebased on structure and bonding· Explaining physical properties of materialsbased on structure and bonding· Benefits of alloy compared to pure metal· Define allotropes and properties of allotropes ofcarbon· Deduce the properties of material based onsimilar structure of known substances6. 6. Chemical Formulas and Equations· Writing chemical formula for covalent and ioniccompounds· Balancing chemical reaction equations· Writing ionic equations· Deducing the products from the reactants7. 7. Mole Concept and Stoichiometry· How to calculate number of mole of molecules,atoms, electrons, ions· How to calculate concentration, mole, mass andvolume of gas at rtp· Definition of relative atomic mass and relativemolecular mass· Finding empirical formula and molecular formulabased on percentage by mass· Calculating percentage by mass according tomolecular weight· Calculating theoretical yield and percentageyield· Calculating volume and concentration ofreactants based on stoichiometry· Volume and concentration for dilutingconcentrated solution· Calculating the number of moles of water ofcrystallisation8. 8. Acids and Bases· Definition of Arrhenius acid and base, alkali· Properties of acid and alkali· Identify Bronsted-Lowry acid base and Lewis acidbase in equation· Strength of acid based on degree of dissociationand value of dissociation constant· What determines the acidity of acid and basicityof base· Identify conjugate acid and base pair, andconjugate base and acid pair· pH scale and pH indicators· Calculation pH based on concentration ofhydrogen ions· Equations of acids and bases, chemical formulasof common acid and alkali· Types of oxides: Basic, Acidic, Amphoteric,Neutral9. 9. Salts· Definition of salt and how salts are formed· Solubility of different salts· How to prepare salts: Precipitation, titration,crystallisation· Types of metals that can be used safely toproduce salts (Less reactive than Calcium and more reactive than hydrogen) · Uses of salts· Decomposition of salts on heating 10. 10. Ammonia· Reversible reaction for forming Ammonia· Chemical equilibrium and Le Chatelier’sPrinciple· Haber process and conditions for the reaction· Uses of ammonia11. 11. Qualitative Analysis· Test for cation and anions· Test for gases· Compound base on colour· Deduce the identity of the precipitate12. 12. Oxidation and Reduction· Definitions of oxidation and reduction· How to explain if the reaction is a redoxreaction· Calculating oxidation states· Types of oxidising agent and reducing agent13. 13. Electrochemistry· Ease of discharge of ions at anode and cathode· Substance formed at electrode using differentconcentration of electrolyte· Writing half equations at anode and cathode· Calculating the amount of metal discharged atthe cathode and amount of gas at the anode· Calculating amount of electrons used todischarge metal ion· Different metals of electrodes determine amountof emf produced· Determining the polarity of electrodes in simplecell, Danielle cell and electrolytic setup· Hydrogen fuel cell: How it works, products atthe respective electrodes14. 14. The Periodic Table· Arrangement of elements on the periodic tableaccording to proton number, number of outermost electrons (Groups) and numberof electron shells (Periods)· Trends across the period (metal to non-metals,basic to amphoteric to acidic oxides)· Trends and properties in Group I and VII· Uses of Group 0 elements· Properties of transition elements15. 15. The Reactivity Series· Properties of metals· Order of reactivity series· Reactions of metals with water and acid (orderof reactivity)· Explain why metals does not react with acids· Rusting and how to prevent rusting (Sacrificialprotection, electroplating)· Displacement reactions· Extraction of metal from ores (Electrolysis: Al,Reduction: Fe; Blast furnace)16. 16. Chemical Energetics· Energy change during chemical reaction explainedusing bond breaking and bond forming· Identifying exothermic and endothermic reactions· Definition of activation energy and enthalpychange· Drawing energy profile diagram and energy leveldiagram· Calculating enthalpy change based on bond energy17. 17. Rate of Reactions· Explaining rate of reaction based on particlecollision theory· Factors affecting rate of reactions(Temperature, concentration, pressure, size of reactants, catalyst)· Explaining how change in factors changes therate of reaction· Deduce the volume and concentration of reactantsbased on product time graph· Draw Maxwell-Boltzmann graph on how temperatureaffect number of particles with minimum activation energy· Calculating rate of reaction from volume ofgaseous produce form, mass of reaction mixture decrease, 1/time· Determine the order of reaction of reactantbased on experiment comparing change in concentration of reactant and rate ofreaction18. 18. Fuels and Crude Oil· How to separate the different fractions in crudeoil· The uses of the different fractions of crude oil· The basis of separation of fraction usingfractional distillation· Advantages and disadvantages of new forms offuel (Hydrogen and ethanol)19. 19. Hydrocarbons· Definition of hydrocarbons and homologous series· Identify the general formula and functionalgroups of homologous series (Even those that were not taught)· Naming the hydrocarbons (IUPAC name)· Properties and trend of alkanes and alkenes· Explaining trends of alkane and alkenes based onstructure and bond· How to define saturated hydrocarbon· Drawing and identifying isomers of hydrocarbons· Writing reactions and conditions for alkanes andalkenes20. 20. Alcohol, Carboxylic Acids and Esters· Identify general formula and functional groupsof alcohol, carboxylic acid and esters· Naming of alcohol, carboxylic acid and esters(IUPAC name)· Properties and trends of alcohol, carboxylicacids and esters· Writing reactions and conditions for alcohol,carboxylic acids and esters· How to obtain alcohol, carboxylic acids andesters from hydrocarbons· Obtaining alcohol through fermentation· Qualitative analysis of organic compounds21. 21. Polymers· Types of polymers and their uses· Identify polymers formed from condensationpolymerisation and additional polymerisation· Identify monomers of polymers· Identify different linkage in different polymers· Effects of disposing plastics in the environment· Advantages and disadvantages of recyclingplastics22. 22. Maintaining Air Quality· Percentage composition of air· Determine percentage of oxygen in air bycombustion or rusting· Sources of air pollution (Natural, bycombustion)· Effects of air pollutants· Effects and causes of global warming· Effects and causes of ozone depletion· Identify carbon sinks in carbon cycle· Reactions in catalytic convertor后面会包括一些例题
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